![]() The Platform for Advanced Process Control and Estimation by Yokogawa is a new state-of-the-art multivariable model based control technology, jointly developed with Shell, and released in Q4 2015. Additional authors of this article: Tupras process control experts Berna Haktanır, Görkem Oğur, and Duygu Aydın Introduction ![]() ![]() This entry was posted in Week 04 and tagged Week 4 by Michael Henry Bufalini. In comparison to aromatics, such as benzene, which are stabilized molecules and require higher temperatures to dissociate the molecules bonds. Higher K factors are at lower temperatures (paraffins), which makes sense because paraffins are easily cracked. In most cases, the refineries will operate below the lower end temperature to avoid as much accumulation of carbonaceous material as possible. Watson K factor and a band is used for plotting this range on the graph. The Watson Characterization Factor gives refineries an idea of the range of temperatures for vacuum distillation to help avoid coking. Cracking the molecules would lead to coking on the metal surface of the distillation column and interfere with fractionation in distillation. This is desired because high temperatures will cause vibrations and allow for thermal cracking or destruction of bonds within a given molecule carbon chain. Creating a vacuum chamber will greatly lower the pressure and uses Ideal Gas Law, one can use the correlation with a pressure drop then the required temperature will drop as well. ![]() The heavy distillates require a vacuum because of how temperature and pressure affect molecules. Atmospheric Distillation is used for separation of light and heavy crudes. Vacuum Distillation Units process the fuel’s heavy distillates after settling on the bottom of the Atmospheric Distillation Unit and not vaporizing like the lighter fractions. ![]()
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